Human Death or Brain Death? A Christian View. Part II. The problem of the death criterion
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31802/2500-1450-2019-33-49-60Keywords:
ethics, bioethics, transplantology, consciousness, brain functions, medical psychology, the meaning of life and death, artificial maintenance of life, the criterion of human deathAbstract
The second part of the article is devoted to analyzing the fundamental ethical and ideological problems of medical ethics, which are reflected in a physician’s attitude to the issues of life and death, thereby actualizing the problems of transplantology. The main provision of key international documents concerning the application of scientific and technological achievements in the field of biology and medicine are: the protection of the dignity and individual integrity
of the person, guaranteed to all, without exception; the respect for the integrity of the person and other rights and fundamental freedoms. The problem in question directly affects the rights, freedoms and dignity of the person. The human right to life, perceived as the highest value and encompassing all stages of earthly existence, as a rule, is not disputed by society and is not in doubt. Total technologization raises new questions about the human right to freely dispose of not only his life, but also death. In addition to the ethical assessment of the human right to life, the author gives a Christian assessment of such a final phase of human existence as dying, in connection with which the problem of establishing the boundaries of life and death is catalyzed due to the fact that this problem in particular is the particular focus of humanistic scrutiny of the modern pragmatic health system.
Downloads
References
Закон РФ от 22.12.1992 N4180–1 (ред. от 23.05.2016) «О трансплантации органов и (или) тканей человека» // Законы, кодексы и нормативно–правовые акты Российской Федерации [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://legalacts.ru/doc/zakon-rf-ot-22121992- n-4180–1-o (дата обращения: 15.04.2019).
Кэмпбелл А. Медицинская этика: учеб. пособие для вузов: [пер. с англ.] / А. Кэмпбелл, Г. Джиллетт, Г. Джонс; под ред. Ю. М. Лопухина, Б. Г. Юдина. М.: ГЭОТАР–Медиа, 2010.
Постановление Правительства РФ от 20.09.2012 N950 «Об утверждении Правил определения момента смерти человека, в том числе критериев и процедуры установления смерти человека, Правил прекращения реанимационных мероприятий и формы протокола установления смерти человека» // Законы, кодексы и нормативно–правовые акты Российской Федерации [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://legalacts.ru/doc/ postanovlenie-pravitelstva-rf-ot-20092012-n-950/#100031 (дата обращения: 15.04.2019).
Приказ Минздрава России от 25.12.2014 N908н «О Порядке установления диагноза смерти мозга человека» // Законы, кодексы и нормативно–правовые акты Российской Федерации [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://legalacts.ru/doc/prikaz-minzdrava- rossii-ot-25122014-n-908n/ (дата обращения: 15.04.2019).
Резник О. Н. Асистолические доноры: хирургическая тактика и оптимизация противоишемической защиты почек: автореф. дис. на соиск, учен. степени канд. мед. наук. М., 2004.
Силуянова И. В. Биомедицинская этика: учебник и практикум для академического бакалавриата. М.: Изд–во Юрайт, 2016.
Akinlolu O. O., Emond J. C., McGowan J. J. Organ Donation and Utilization in the USA // American Journal of Transplantation. 2004. Vol. 4. P. 27–37.
Bernat J. L. How do Physicians Prove Irreversibility in the Determination of Death? // The Signs of Death: The Proceedings of the Working Group 11–12 September 2006 / ed. M. Sánchez Sorondo. Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 2007. P. 159–176.
Browne A. The Ethics of Organ Donation After Cardiocirculatory Death: Do the Guidelines of the Canadian Council for Donation and Transplantation Measure Up? // Open Medicine. 2010. Vol. 4 (2). P. 129–133.
Cooperation Within ET // Eurotransplant International Foundation [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://www.eurotransplant.org/cms/index.php?page=cooperation_brief (дата обращения: 22.03.2019).
Daroff R. B. The Historical Evolution of Brain Death from Former Definitions of Death: The Harvard Criteria to the Present // The Signs of Death: The Proceedings of the Working Group 11–12 September 2006 / ed. M. Sánchez Sorondo. Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 2007. P. 217–221.
Ellrich M., Yu D. The Benefits of Pre-Surgery Education // GALLUP [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://www.gallup.com/businessjournal/183317/benefits-pre-surgery-education. aspx (дата обращения: 10.04.2019).
Estol C. J. What is Not Brain Death: The Vegetative State and Movements in Brain Death // The Signs of Death: The Proceedings of the Working Group 11–12 September 2006 / ed. M. Sánchez Sorondo. Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 2007. P. 3–17.
Giacino J. T., Ashwal S., Childs N. The Minimally Conscious State. Definition and Diagnostic Criteria // Neurology. 2002. Vol. 58. P. 349–353.
Institute of Medicine. Division of Health Care Services. Committee on Non–Heart–Beating Transplantation: The Scientific and Ethical Basis for Practice and Protocols. Washington (DC): U. S. National Academy Press, 2000.
Jennet B., Bond M. Assessment of Outcome after Severe Brain Damage // The Lancet. 1975. Vol. 1. P. 480–484.
Jennet B., Teasdale G. Assessment of Coma and Impaired Consciousness. A Practical Scale // The Lancet. 1974. Vol. 304. P. 81–84.
Kämäräinen A., Virkkunen I., Holopainen L. Spontaneous Defi after Cessation of Resuscitation in Out–Of–Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Case of Lazarus Phenomenon // Resuscitation. 2007. Vol. 75. P. 543–546.
Laureys S., Cohadon F., Lavrijsen J. Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome: A New Name for the Vegetative State or Apallic Syndrome // BioMedCentral Medicine. 2010. Vol. 8. P. 68–72.
Laureys S., Schiff N. D., Owen A. M. Coma Science: Clinical and Ethical Implications — Progress in Brain Research. New York: Elsevier, 2009.
Maleck W. H., Piper S. N. Recovery after Discontinuation of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (“Lazarus Phenomenon”) // Anesthesiology. 1999. Vol. 91. P. 584–585.
McMahan J. The Metaphysics of Brain Death // Bioethics. 1995. Vol. 9. P. 94–96.
Menikoff J. Doubts about death: the silence of the Institute of Medicine // Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics. 1998. Vol. 26. P. 157–165.
Pence G. Classic Cases in Medical Ethics: Accounts of the Cases and Issues that Shaped and Define Medical Ethics. New York: McGraw–Hill, 2008.
Post S. G. Encyclopedia of Bioethics. New York: Macmillan Reference, 2004.
Sorites Paradox // Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sorites-paradox/ (Дата обращения: 16.04.2019).
«Terri Schiavo footage just a few years before her death» (реж. Gordon Watts, 2011). [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7fulbiC7Co (Дата обращения: 20.04.2019).
