The Phenomenon of the Gospel Miracle in 20th–21st Century Biblical Science: From Historical-Critical Analysis to Theological Hermeneutics

Abstract

 

The article explores the evolution of the understanding of the miracle phenomenon in 20th–21st century biblical studies, tracing the transition from historical‑critical interpretations to theological hermeneutics. The study aims to identify the main stages and directions in the conceptualization of Gospel miracles within the context of developing biblical scholarship and theological thought, as well as to determine their significance for contemporary Christian theology. The methodological framework comprises historical‑critical, comparative‑literary, and hermeneutical methods, alongside a systematic analysis of works by representatives of various research schools—ranging from the history of religions school and form criticism to narrative and post‑structuralist exegesis. Particular attention is paid to the interpretations of M. Hengel, E. Eve, and G. Theissen, whose works propose a synthesis of historical and theological approaches to understanding miracle narratives. The analysis demonstrates that in modern biblical science, the concept of a miracle has evolved from naturalistic and mythological explanations toward a theological understanding of the miracle as a sign (σημεῖον) of God’s presence in history. A miracle is no longer understood solely as a violation of the natural order but is interpreted as a form of revelation and a testimony to the action of Divine power, revealing the soteriological and existential meaning of the Christian faith. The scholarly significance of the study lies in identifying the potential for a productive dialogue between biblical criticism and theology, wherein the miracle is conceptualized not as a subject of conflict between science and faith, but as a theological language expressing the presence of God and the dynamics of the Kingdom of God in history.