Creation, Space and Time: The Insufficiency of the Observable Universe For the Origin of Living Nature. Part 3

Abstract

In the previously described two-vector model, the biblical world of creation (Gen. 1) and the observable universe are related as two states of the space-time continuum. According to the model, the «kinds» of complex organisms (Gen. 1) created by God in the original space-time, as a consequence of the Fall and the «curse of the ground» (Gen. 3, 17), ended up in the altered space-time of the observable world. The model makes a counterintuitive prediction, which contradicts the modern evolutionary paradigm, that the observable universe is insufficient for the emergence of complex life. This prediction is tested in the third part of the article by examining the scientific literature on the role of natural selection and genetic drift in the evolution of complexity. It is shown that the widespread belief that more complex organisms are also more fit is erroneous. Throughout the history of life on Earth, simple bacteria, not complex life forms, are represented by the most reproductively successful and abundant species and dominate the biosphere. The more complex the organism, the lower the maximum growth rate of individual biomass and the maximum population growth rate, as well as the greater the generation time and the burden of deleterious mutations that reduce fitness. Since mutations that increase complexity and slow growth and reproduction are slightly deleterious, they could not have been the material for the evolution of complex life forms through natural selection favoring beneficial mutations. Оn the other hand, random genetic drift, which promotes the accumulation of slightly deleterious mutations, could not lead to the emergence of beneficial adaptations in complex organisms. Thus, the origin of biological complexity cannot be explained by natural selection and genetic drift. The deficiency of theory prompts scientists to turn to an alternative evolutionary model. Scientific publications are appearing in which the authors link the emergence of complexity to random processes in a hypothetical multiverse. It is assumed that in an infinite number of universes, worlds similar to ours inevitably exist, where in populations of simple organisms, “successful” combinations of mutations were accidentally fixed that formed the genomes of complex organisms. The data and conclusions presented in these works confirm the prediction of the two-vector model about the insufficiency of the observable universe for the emergence of complex life and, therefore, support the model.